{"id":110379,"date":"2025-03-02T14:02:19","date_gmt":"2025-03-02T11:02:19","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/indexeconomic.com\/?p=110379"},"modified":"2025-03-02T14:02:19","modified_gmt":"2025-03-02T11:02:19","slug":"nokia-and-pta-join-forces-to-establish-a-5g-advanced-innovation-lab-in-pakistan","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/indexeconomic.com\/?p=110379","title":{"rendered":"Nokia and PTA join forces to establish a 5G-Advanced Innovation Lab in Pakistan"},"content":{"rendered":"<p style=\"text-align: left;\">\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">Islamabad, Pakistan &#8211; Nokia and the Pakistan Telecommunication Authority (PTA) have joined forces to establish the country\u2019s first 5G-Advanced Innovation Lab at Nokia\u2019s headquarters in Pakistan. This initiative aims to strengthen the nation\u2019s 5G ecosystem by providing a private wireless network equipped with cutting-edge technology. A Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) was signed by Nokia Mobile Networks Vice President for Middle East, Mohamed Samir and PTA\u2019s Director General for Wireless Licensing, Brig. Amer Shehzad.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">Under this collaboration, the 5G-Advanced Innovation Lab will serve as a dynamic research and development hub, offering access to universities, startups, and enterprises. The facility will empower industry players to explore, test, and deploy advanced 5G use cases tailored to Pakistan\u2019s broadband market. Additionally, the lab will contribute to the development of local Artificial Intelligence (AI) models, leveraging domestic content and datasets to drive homegrown innovation.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">Beyond research, the lab will act as a catalyst for digital transformation in key sectors such as manufacturing, logistics, smart cities, healthcare, and renewable energy, enabling Industry 5.0 simulations for real-world applications. Nokia will further support the initiative by offering training programs on 5G technology, health &amp; safety (HSE), and Environmental, Social &amp; Governance (ESG) best practices. Nokia Bell Labs will collaborate with PTA to enhance regulatory expertise through specialized training and certification programs.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">Establishing a 5G-Advanced Innovation Lab will be a major milestone in Pakistan\u2019s journey toward a digitally advanced economy. By fostering collaboration between academia, businesses, and regulators, this initiative sets the stage for next-generation connectivity and reinforces Pakistan\u2019s ambition to lead in digital innovation.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">For further inquiries, media interviews, or additional information, please contact:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">Nthabi Mokitimi-Dlamini<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">Nthabeleng.mokitimi_dlamini@nokia.com<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">About Nokia<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">At Nokia, we create technology that helps the world act together.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">As a B2B technology innovation leader, we are pioneering networks that sense, think and act by leveraging our work across mobile, fixed and cloud networks. In addition, we create value with intellectual property and long-term research, led by the award-winning Nokia Bell Labs, which is celebrating 100 years of innovation.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">With truly open architectures that seamlessly integrate into any ecosystem, our high-performance networks create new opportunities for monetization and scale. Service providers, enterprises and partners worldwide trust Nokia to deliver secure, reliable and sustainable networks today \u2013 and work with us to create the digital services and applications of the future.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>&nbsp; Islamabad, Pakistan &#8211; Nokia and the Pakistan Telecommunication Authority (PTA) have joined forces to establish the country\u2019s first 5G-Advanced Innovation Lab at Nokia\u2019s headquarters in Pakistan. This initiative aims to strengthen the nation\u2019s 5G ecosystem by providing a private wireless network equipped with cutting-edge technology. A Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) was signed by Nokia &hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":110380,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[439],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-110379","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-english-news"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Nokia and PTA join forces to establish a 5G-Advanced Innovation Lab in Pakistan - \u0635\u062d\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/indexeconomic.com\/?p=110379\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"ar_AR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Nokia and PTA join forces to establish a 5G-Advanced Innovation Lab in Pakistan - \u0635\u062d\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"&nbsp; Islamabad, Pakistan &#8211; Nokia and the Pakistan Telecommunication Authority (PTA) have joined forces to establish the country\u2019s first 5G-Advanced Innovation Lab at Nokia\u2019s headquarters in Pakistan. This initiative aims to strengthen the nation\u2019s 5G ecosystem by providing a private wireless network equipped with cutting-edge technology. A Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) was signed by Nokia &hellip;\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/indexeconomic.com\/?p=110379\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"\u0635\u062d\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2025-03-02T11:02:19+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"http:\/\/indexeconomic.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Nokia_PTA-Signing-Ceremony.jpeg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1280\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"725\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u062f\u064a\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"\u0643\u064f\u062a\u0628 \u0628\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0637\u0629\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u062f\u064a\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u0642\u062f\u0651\u0631\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"3 \u062f\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0642\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/indexeconomic.com\\\/?p=110379#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/indexeconomic.com\\\/?p=110379\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u062f\u064a\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/indexeconomic.com\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/ec72ed13059cd206a1153d37f4287a48\"},\"headline\":\"Nokia and PTA join forces to establish a 5G-Advanced Innovation Lab in Pakistan\",\"datePublished\":\"2025-03-02T11:02:19+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/indexeconomic.com\\\/?p=110379\"},\"wordCount\":406,\"commentCount\":0,\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/indexeconomic.com\\\/?p=110379#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/indexeconomic.com\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2025\\\/03\\\/Nokia_PTA-Signing-Ceremony.jpeg\",\"articleSection\":[\"English News\"],\"inLanguage\":\"ar\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"CommentAction\",\"name\":\"Comment\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/indexeconomic.com\\\/?p=110379#respond\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/indexeconomic.com\\\/?p=110379\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/indexeconomic.com\\\/?p=110379\",\"name\":\"Nokia and PTA join forces to establish a 5G-Advanced Innovation Lab in Pakistan - \u0635\u062d\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/indexeconomic.com\\\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/indexeconomic.com\\\/?p=110379#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/indexeconomic.com\\\/?p=110379#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/indexeconomic.com\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2025\\\/03\\\/Nokia_PTA-Signing-Ceremony.jpeg\",\"datePublished\":\"2025-03-02T11:02:19+00:00\",\"author\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/indexeconomic.com\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/ec72ed13059cd206a1153d37f4287a48\"},\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/indexeconomic.com\\\/?p=110379#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"ar\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/indexeconomic.com\\\/?p=110379\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"ar\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/indexeconomic.com\\\/?p=110379#primaryimage\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/indexeconomic.com\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2025\\\/03\\\/Nokia_PTA-Signing-Ceremony.jpeg\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/indexeconomic.com\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2025\\\/03\\\/Nokia_PTA-Signing-Ceremony.jpeg\",\"width\":1280,\"height\":725},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/indexeconomic.com\\\/?p=110379#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629\",\"item\":\"https:\\\/\\\/indexeconomic.com\\\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"Nokia and PTA join forces to establish a 5G-Advanced Innovation Lab in Pakistan\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/indexeconomic.com\\\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/indexeconomic.com\\\/\",\"name\":\"\u0635\u062d\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\",\"description\":\"\u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\\\/\\\/indexeconomic.com\\\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":{\"@type\":\"PropertyValueSpecification\",\"valueRequired\":true,\"valueName\":\"search_term_string\"}}],\"inLanguage\":\"ar\"},{\"@type\":\"Person\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/indexeconomic.com\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/ec72ed13059cd206a1153d37f4287a48\",\"name\":\"\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u062f\u064a\",\"image\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"ar\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/secure.gravatar.com\\\/avatar\\\/807eb9a4a275ddb2487fd1fb0a47fdf5ded144089bbefe69bd6293cd21b53b18?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/secure.gravatar.com\\\/avatar\\\/807eb9a4a275ddb2487fd1fb0a47fdf5ded144089bbefe69bd6293cd21b53b18?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/secure.gravatar.com\\\/avatar\\\/807eb9a4a275ddb2487fd1fb0a47fdf5ded144089bbefe69bd6293cd21b53b18?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"caption\":\"\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u062f\u064a\"},\"sameAs\":[\"http:\\\/\\\/www.indexeconomic.com\\\/\"],\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/indexeconomic.com\\\/?author=2\"}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"Nokia and PTA join forces to establish a 5G-Advanced Innovation Lab in Pakistan - \u0635\u062d\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/indexeconomic.com\/?p=110379","og_locale":"ar_AR","og_type":"article","og_title":"Nokia and PTA join forces to establish a 5G-Advanced Innovation Lab in Pakistan - \u0635\u062d\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a","og_description":"&nbsp; Islamabad, Pakistan &#8211; Nokia and the Pakistan Telecommunication Authority (PTA) have joined forces to establish the country\u2019s first 5G-Advanced Innovation Lab at Nokia\u2019s headquarters in Pakistan. This initiative aims to strengthen the nation\u2019s 5G ecosystem by providing a private wireless network equipped with cutting-edge technology. A Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) was signed by Nokia &hellip;","og_url":"https:\/\/indexeconomic.com\/?p=110379","og_site_name":"\u0635\u062d\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a","article_published_time":"2025-03-02T11:02:19+00:00","og_image":[{"width":1280,"height":725,"url":"http:\/\/indexeconomic.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Nokia_PTA-Signing-Ceremony.jpeg","type":"image\/jpeg"}],"author":"\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u062f\u064a","twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_misc":{"\u0643\u064f\u062a\u0628 \u0628\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0637\u0629":"\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u062f\u064a","\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u0642\u062f\u0651\u0631":"3 \u062f\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0642"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"Article","@id":"https:\/\/indexeconomic.com\/?p=110379#article","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/indexeconomic.com\/?p=110379"},"author":{"name":"\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u062f\u064a","@id":"https:\/\/indexeconomic.com\/#\/schema\/person\/ec72ed13059cd206a1153d37f4287a48"},"headline":"Nokia and PTA join forces to establish a 5G-Advanced Innovation Lab in Pakistan","datePublished":"2025-03-02T11:02:19+00:00","mainEntityOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/indexeconomic.com\/?p=110379"},"wordCount":406,"commentCount":0,"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/indexeconomic.com\/?p=110379#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/indexeconomic.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Nokia_PTA-Signing-Ceremony.jpeg","articleSection":["English News"],"inLanguage":"ar","potentialAction":[{"@type":"CommentAction","name":"Comment","target":["https:\/\/indexeconomic.com\/?p=110379#respond"]}]},{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/indexeconomic.com\/?p=110379","url":"https:\/\/indexeconomic.com\/?p=110379","name":"Nokia and PTA join forces to establish a 5G-Advanced Innovation Lab in Pakistan - \u0635\u062d\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/indexeconomic.com\/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/indexeconomic.com\/?p=110379#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/indexeconomic.com\/?p=110379#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/indexeconomic.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Nokia_PTA-Signing-Ceremony.jpeg","datePublished":"2025-03-02T11:02:19+00:00","author":{"@id":"https:\/\/indexeconomic.com\/#\/schema\/person\/ec72ed13059cd206a1153d37f4287a48"},"breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/indexeconomic.com\/?p=110379#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"ar","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/indexeconomic.com\/?p=110379"]}]},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"ar","@id":"https:\/\/indexeconomic.com\/?p=110379#primaryimage","url":"https:\/\/indexeconomic.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Nokia_PTA-Signing-Ceremony.jpeg","contentUrl":"https:\/\/indexeconomic.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Nokia_PTA-Signing-Ceremony.jpeg","width":1280,"height":725},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/indexeconomic.com\/?p=110379#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629","item":"https:\/\/indexeconomic.com\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"Nokia and PTA join forces to establish a 5G-Advanced Innovation Lab in Pakistan"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/indexeconomic.com\/#website","url":"https:\/\/indexeconomic.com\/","name":"\u0635\u062d\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a","description":"\u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a","potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/indexeconomic.com\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"ar"},{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/indexeconomic.com\/#\/schema\/person\/ec72ed13059cd206a1153d37f4287a48","name":"\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u062f\u064a","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"ar","@id":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/807eb9a4a275ddb2487fd1fb0a47fdf5ded144089bbefe69bd6293cd21b53b18?s=96&d=mm&r=g","url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/807eb9a4a275ddb2487fd1fb0a47fdf5ded144089bbefe69bd6293cd21b53b18?s=96&d=mm&r=g","contentUrl":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/807eb9a4a275ddb2487fd1fb0a47fdf5ded144089bbefe69bd6293cd21b53b18?s=96&d=mm&r=g","caption":"\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u062f\u064a"},"sameAs":["http:\/\/www.indexeconomic.com\/"],"url":"https:\/\/indexeconomic.com\/?author=2"}]}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/indexeconomic.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/110379","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/indexeconomic.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/indexeconomic.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/indexeconomic.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/indexeconomic.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=110379"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/indexeconomic.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/110379\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":110381,"href":"https:\/\/indexeconomic.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/110379\/revisions\/110381"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/indexeconomic.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/110380"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/indexeconomic.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=110379"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/indexeconomic.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=110379"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/indexeconomic.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=110379"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}